African Journal of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences
African Journal of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences (AJBCPS) - ISSN: 2790-9522 (Print) | 2790-9530 (Online) is an interdisciplinary and quality peer-reviewed open-access journal. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of physics, chemistry, and biology. All manuscripts must be prepared in English and are subject to a rigorous and fair peer-review process. AJBCPS publishes annually but articles can be submitted and published any time of the year as soon as article is ready.
In-vivo antimalarial and anti-oxidative properties of methanol and ethylacetate stem bark extract from Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) infected with Plasmodium berghei
Calotropis procera, a commonly utilized traditional medicine in Nigeria, is reputed for its antioxidant and antimalarial properties. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, toxicological, and antiplasmodial effects of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Calotropis procera utilizing a rodent model to assess their suppressive, prophylactic, and curative effects against malaria, as well as to evaluate their safety profile. An antioxidant activity of 0.25 mg/ml was revealed by the DPPH assay, which revealed a robust antioxidant capacity that was higher than that of Vitamin C at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. Locke's method was used to evaluate acute toxicity. Additionally, toxicity assessments revealed a relatively non-toxic profile with no observed fatalities even at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg, indicating that it is relatively non-toxic based on Lorke's toxicity scale. The antimalarial efficacy of the extracts was assessed in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, a model organism for malaria. The methanol extract demonstrated significant antimalarial activity without inducing adverse effects at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg. Both the methanol stem bark extract and the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited curative and suppressive activities, although with minimal prophylactic effects. The results suggest that Calotropis procera extracts hold promise as potential sources for new and innovative malaria treatments. Further investigations are needed to clarify the precise mechanisms of action and to develop safe and effective therapeutic formulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oyebanjo Omotayo Oladipupo, Adeniran Isola Oluremi, Fatokun Ayodeji Olakunle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Unveiling the intriguing properties: A Study on the powerful Phytochemicals and Biological Marvels of the Calotropis procera plant
Calotropis procera, known as giant milkweed, is notable for its rich array of phytochemicals that showcase various biological activities. This study aimed to analyze the plant's phytochemical constituents and assess its potential antimicrobial properties. Key phytochemicals identified include flavonoids (with antioxidant properties), tannins (providing astringent qualities), saponins (possibly boosting immunity), steroids (known for anti-inflammatory effects), glycosides (involved in physiological functions), alkaloids (medicinal properties), and cardiac glycosides (influencing heart function). For antimicrobial testing, specific clinical isolates were evaluated in vitro, including Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, along with Candida albicans for opportunistic infections. Results showed that both ethyl acetate and aqueous leaf fractions were highly effective against Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating the plant's antimicrobial potential. Meanwhile, the aqueous and methanol root fractions effectively inhibited Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as well. Notably, hexane fractions were active only against Candida species, indicating selective anti-fungal properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sherifat Olabode Abidemi, Adeniran Oluremi Ishola, Fatokun Ayodeji Olakunle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Green synthesis and characterization of ferrous nanoparticles using Psidium guajava (Linn.) leaf extract
Ferrous nanoparticles were produced using the aqueous leaf extracts of Psidium guajava as a dual reducing and stabilizing agent. A color shift from pale yellow/brown to dark brown/black was observed immediately after reducing ferric chloride (FeCl3) solution (1 mM) to FeNPs by mixing with plant extract (300 mL). The synthesized FeNPs were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy and FTIR. Ferrous nanoparticles (FeNPs) were successfully synthesized using aqueous leaf extracts of Psidium guajava as both reducing and stabilizing agents. A rapid color change from pale yellow/brown to dark brown/black indicated the reduction of FeCl₃ (1 mM) upon mixing with 300 mL of plant extract. UV-Visible spectroscopy confirmed nanoparticle formation via a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 360 nm, indicating Fe³⁺ reduction to Fe²⁺. FTIR analysis revealed key functional groups involved in nanoparticle stabilization and synthesis: C-O stretching (1154–1034 cm⁻¹; alcohols/ethers), alkane C-H (2923 cm⁻¹), alkene C=C (1648 cm⁻¹; flavonoids), and O-H stretching (3417 cm⁻¹; polyphenols/carboxylic acids). These phytochemicals primarily polyphenols, terpenoids, and flavonoids facilitated eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis, offering a sustainable and nontoxic alternative for environmental and biomedical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulrashid D. Maianguwa, Arowora K. Adebisi, Yakubu O. Ejeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integrative Nutritional, physicochemical, and bioactive profiling of Sesamum radiatum seeds: A Potential Healthy Food Source
Sesamum radiatum, a neglected relative of commercial sesame (S. indicum), holds significant potential as a source of nutritious seeds and oil. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of seeds from Nigeria, revealing a rich nutritional profile featuring high crude lipid (31.9%) and fiber (29.8%) content, alongside substantial mineral levels such as calcium (7.92 mg/g). Oil yield was substantial (32.0%), with favorable physicochemical properties including a high iodine value (192.9) and smoke point (224 °C). The oil demonstrated potent concentration-dependent antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 6.94 mg/mL). Crucially, GC-MS analysis revealed a unique fatty acid profile dominated by 10,13-octadecadienoic acid (41.77%), alongside linoleic (16.98%) and palmitic (6.17%) acids. Spectroscopic characteristics (UV-Vis and FT-IR) provide a distinct fingerprint for quality control. These findings underscore that S. radiatum is not merely an understudy to its commercial cousin but a valuable resource in its own right, with promising applications for the food, nutritional, and healthcare industries aimed at leveraging novel and sustainable plant oils.
Copyright (c) 2025 Moses Tara Langkuk, Stella Adedunni Emmanuel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of White Sesame (Sesamum indicum L..) seeds and oil: Properties and Composition
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an ancient oilseed valued for its nutritional richness and diverse applications; yet comprehensive studies, especially on Nigerian cultivars remain limited. This study provides a holistic characterization of white sesame seeds and oil from Kwali Area Council, Abuja, using standard methods to determine proximate composition, mineral content, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, phytochemical constituents, fatty acid profile, and spectroscopic fingerprints (UV–Vis and FTIR. Proximate analysis revealed notable protein (6.63% w/w) and lipid (46.8% w/w) contents, alongside high levels of calcium (9.11 mg/g) and magnesium (1.37 mg/g), with appreciable zinc and iron. Fatty acid profiling indicated a predominance of vaccenic acid (67.5% w/w) and palmitic acid (6.12% w/w). The oil exhibited favorable physicochemical properties (iodine value: 191.6 wij; acid value: 3.37 mgKOH/g; viscosity: 88.5 mPa·s; smoke point: 190°C), supporting its suitability for culinary and industrial applications. Strong antioxidant activity (IC50: 7.42 mg/ml) and the presence of diverse bioactive compounds—including saponins, alkaloids, phenols, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, sterols, and volatile oils—underscore its functional significance. Spectral fingerprints (UV–Vis λmax at 344 nm; FTIR peaks at 404–721 cm⁻¹ and 2361 cm⁻¹) further validate quality assessment. Collectively, these findings emphasize the nutritional and functional value of sesame seeds and oil, suggesting promising applications in food science, nutrition, and healthcare. Future studies should explore processing optimization and integration into functional foods and nutraceuticals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stella Adedunni Emmanuel, Moses Tara Langkuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phytochemical screening with a Bioassay-Guided Toxicity and in Vivo Antimalarial Evaluation of Cleome gynandra Ethyl Acetate extract
The growing resistance to conventional antimalarial drugs necessitates the search for alternative therapies from natural sources. This study aimed to evaluate the antimalarial efficacy and toxicity profile of Cleome gynandra extracts, with emphasis on the ethyl acetate fraction. The aerial parts of C. gynandra were extracted sequentially using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The resulting extracts were screened for phytochemicals using standard methods and assessed for toxicity and in vivo antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in Swiss albino mice. Toxicity was evaluated based on weight change, behavioral signs, and mean survival time (MST). Antimalarial activity was measured using parasitemia reduction. Among the three extracts, the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated the highest safety margin and antimalarial efficacy, particularly at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glucosides, phenols, and terpenoids. Treated mice exhibited significant reductions in parasitemia and prolonged survival times without signs of acute toxicity. The ethyl acetate extract of Cleome gynandra possesses potent antimalarial activity and favorable safety in vivo, supporting its traditional use and potential development as a natural antimalarial agent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nkiruka Theresa Nnadozie, Adeniran Oluremi, Sunday Jacob, Solomon Fidelis, Jimoh Idris Ovaku https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Molecular phylogenetics of selected Ganoderma lucidum from Abuja environs: An Insight into Local and Universal Relatedness
Given its increasing commercial relevance in the nutraceutical market, driven by the growing demand for antitumor and immune-boosting natural products, Ganoderma lucidum has been extensively explored for its vast therapeutic potential. Its reported wide distribution globally, alongside high morphological variations, is of significant research interest. The conspicuous taxonomic ambiguity in this mushroom, owing to its species plasticity, leads to misidentification and evolutionary complexity within the species. This has given rise to various premises regarding its origin, evolution, and the influence of multiple factors on its multifaceted existence. This study investigated the preliminary evolutionary relationship and plausible origins of local Ganoderma lucidum strains from Abuja, Nigeria, using a simple phylogenetic analysis. In this work, we carried out a molecular phylogenetic analysis of ten selected specimens of G. lucidum from Abuja environs to determine their evolutionary relatedness within and among specimen sequences from other geographical locations of the world. Molecular characterization techniques were used to generate DNA sequences of the Abuja samples. Additional sequences from Nigeria, India, China, Korea, and Europe were retrieved from the NCBI. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction were conducted using Clustal-W and MEGA XI, respectively. The resulting Neighbor-Joining tree revealed significant inter-regional phylogenetic clustering of the taxa, with a few overlapping clades present between them. It also revealed a strong bunching of the Nigerian-Abuja strains with their somewhat closer association to the European strains. This study provides a baseline for further molecular investigations, suggesting geographical location as a key factor in G. lucidum species variation..
Copyright (c) 2025 Charles Osuji, Dr. Salisu Abubarkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antidermatophytic activity of garlic (Allium Sativum) extract on dermatophytes isolated from children of Katsina-Ala Local Government Area, Benue State
Forty related species of fungi belonging to the dermatophytic genus, such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton, have been discovered by studies as possible etiological agents of dermatophytosis. The Antidermatophytic activity of methanolic extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) was investigated against isolates of dermatophytes obtained from fifty primary school children in Katsina-Ala Local Government Area of Benue State. Garlic extracts were obtained using the cold maceration method, and the isolates were obtained using standard microbiological methods. The isolated organisms were Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton species. The zones of inhibition obtained were recorded in mean ± standard deviation of duplicate values. Trychophytum sp exhibited a mean value of 15.50±0.71, Epidermophytum sp had 9.00±0.00, while Microsporum sp had 10.50±0.71, all at 50mg respectively. At 100mg, the mean zones of inhibition were 20.50±2.12 on Trychophytum sp, 15.50±0.71 on Epidermophytum sp, and 14.50±2.12 on Microsporum sp. Finally, the mean zones of inhibition at 200mg were 31.00±1.41 on Trychophytum sp, 18.00±0.00 on Epidermophytum sp, and 17.50±0.71 on Microsporum sp. The MIC was 50mg each. The findings of this study showed that the extracts of garlic had a marked significance in inhibiting the test organisms. As the findings of this study compared favourably with previous studies on antifungal activity of garlic, the plant might be a promising source of drugs for the treatment of dermatophytic infections.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ortsor Michael Terungwa, Targema Benson Terer, Peter Job Igbawua , Gyenvwot Pyokpang Adamu, Ediseh Isa Audu, Amainyau Nuhu , Ojeh Anthonia Osakwe, Salihu Anufa, Justice Vincent https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessment of the mycological, proximate and Sensory quality of masa produced from Caruso potato (Solanum tuberosum Linn) flour in Jos, Nigeria
Masa is a snack prepared using varieties of raw material and consumed in Nigeria. The study determined the mycological, proximate and sensory quality of masa produced from Caruso potato (Solanum tuberosum) flour. A quantity of 200 g Caruso and 100 g of rice (CF+RF) flours (control), 500 g of pre sterilized Caruso flour (CF) (test) was fermented spontaneously and using Saccharomyces cerevisiae respectively, thereafter the masa batter was ready for frying. Fungal species were identified using standard microbiological methods from the control sample, the proximate composition using standard analytical methods and the sensory evaluation using trained tasters on a nine hedonic scale. Brown coloured masa was observed after frying. The fungal load ranged from 8.00±1.00 ×101 to 100.00±0.08 × 103 colony forming unit/gram. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Fusarium solani and Aspergillus oryzae were identified. The proximate composition indicated that protein ranged from 2.42±0.03 to 2.47±0.02. and carbohydrate content from 61.81±0.02 to 66.33±0.01. The sensory evaluation for colour, taste, texture, aroma, overall acceptability of masa rated as ‘like very much’ and ‘like moderately’ with scores that ranged from 8.05±1.05 to 8.45±0.69, 8.35±0.81 to 8.45±0.83, 7.60±1.10 to 7.75±1.25, 8.35±0.75 to 8.45±0.76, 7.95±1.23 to 8.25±1.16 respectively. Caruso potato variety served an alternative raw material for masa production having a palatable outcome with acceptable nutrient and sensory feel.
Copyright (c) 2025 Margaret Musa Atsen Danladi, Luka Sambo Danahap, Ode Brains Okechalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The incidence of urinary tract infection among primary school children of pilot Central Primary School, Bokkos, Bokkos Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a serious bacterial infection causing illness in infants and children. The incidence of urinary tract infection among children attending Pilot Central Primary School, Bokkos, Bokkos Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria was investigated in this study. The study was carried out between the period of September and December 2016 among apparently healthy pupils. One hundred and twenty (120) clean-catch urine samples were obtained from the pupils using standard procedures. Microbial culture on MacConkey agar as a quantitative urine culture was used to reveal 70% of the sample with significant bacterial growth (104-105CFU/ml), interpreted as probable cases of urinary tract infection. Among the identified organisms, Escherichia coli had the highest occurrence (59.2%), followed by Klebsiella sp (17.5%), Staphylococcus species (15.8%), and the lowest Proteus species (7.5%). The incidence of urinary tract infection in females (43%) was higher than in males (26%). Higher incidence was also reported in class 5-6 (31.6%); therefore, the government should put and increase effort toward creating awareness among the people for effective treatment, control, and prevention of urinary tract infections.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gyenvwot Pyokpang Adamu, Benson Terer Targema, Jude Yakubu Ishaku , Jesse Innocent Apameio, Benedict Hanmeza Targema https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Moringa oleifera-derived copper oxide nanoparticles against plasmodium resistance
The emergence of antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium species has necessitated the investigation of novel therapeutic interventions. This study reports the biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) mediated by Moringa oleifera (MO) stem bark and root extracts, designated as CuONPmose and CuONPmore, respectively. Comprehensive characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was conducted using multiple analytical techniques: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis revealed characteristic absorption maxima at 320 nm and 300 nm for the respective nanomaterials, confirming successful nanoparticle formation. FTIR spectroscopic analysis demonstrated Cu-O interactions at 678 cm−1, while the presence of carbonyl moieties at 1684 cm−1 indicated the involvement of plant-derived compounds as capping agents. Morphological examination via SEM revealed non-aggregated, spongy surface characteristics for both CuO-NPs. XRD and EDX analyses confirmed the formation of highly pure, crystalline nanostructures with average crystallite sizes of 12.46 nm and 10.66 nm for CuONPmose and CuONPmore, respectively. In vivo assessment of anti-plasmodial efficacy demonstrated moderate inhibitory activity against P. berghei proliferation. The synthesized CuO-NPs exhibited superior parasitemia suppression compared to the crude M. oleifera stem bark and root extracts, suggesting enhanced therapeutic potential of the nanoformulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Stella Adedunni Emmanuel, Omotola Michael Fayomi, Olutayo Olawumi Olajide https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Agricultural extension services and food security in Mangu, Quanpan and Bokkos Local Government Areas of Plateau State, Nigeria
The study set out to investigate agricultural extension services and food security in Mangu, Quanpan and Bokkos Local Government Areas of Plateau State, Nigeria. Adopting the mixed methods research strategy, the study employed the purposive sampling technique, used questionnaire and Key Informant Interview as instruments of data collection. The sample population of the study was 30 for KII and 381 for the quantitative aspect of the study. Further, the research used Modernisation theory as its theoretical framework. Findings show that agricultural extension services in the three local governments studied have been ineffective. This is as a result of number of challenges, which include weak monitoring and evaluation mechanism, corruption and lack of effective research and development. Others are decaying infrastructure and facilities such as storage facilities, light, roads, poor transport system, low level of education among farmers, lack of effective policy and strategic planning implementation among others. The researcher recommends that the Plateau state government and local governments should strengthen funding for better promotion of agricultural extension services. There is need to also address infrastructure deficits such as transportation, improve the digital knowledge of the farmers among others.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bernard Diesuk Lucas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Impact of water treatment and storage on the deterioration of packaged water before shelf-life expiration
Certain phases of treatment, processing, and storage may render packaged drinking water unfit for human consumption, even prior to its expiration date. The underlying factors contributing to their deterioration are examined and analyzed in this study. Following the standard protocols outlined by the World Health Organization, the Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of ten sachet water products and two bottled waters were examined. Nevertheless, the microbiological evaluation of some samples' total coliform count prior to storage revealed no coliform, whilst Pws 1, 2, 5, 7, and 10 showed a high total coliform count of 70–780 CFU/ml. Further investigation on the research showed that the purifying methods employed in water production, such as carbon filtration, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet light sterilization, correlated with the degradation of water samples over time. In samples Pw (1, 2, 3, 7, 8, & 10), high amounts of some elements, including Fe and Pb, were found. here were also increasing turbidity values of Pw3 with 7.75NTU, 10.31NTU, and 14.05NTU monthly during the shelf period, and Pw8 with 11.74NTU in the third month, and Pw8's turbidity values increased from 11.74NTU in the third month, which both exceeded the permissible limits of 5NTU. The colour of the samples (Pw2, Pw3, Pw8, and Pw10) changed from 5Hu to 10Hu, which corresponded with their unpleasant taste. According to the study, the varied values of different parameters are caused by the chemical, physical, and biochemical processes that take place in the packaged water. These processes include the respiratory and metabolic activities of the total coliforms on nutrients, temperature, and the degree of light penetration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chinwenwa Ogbonna, Moses Okeahialam Ekeoma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Bioprospecting for propitious, safe antiepileptic agents from the leaf and root extracts of Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br.
Epilepsy is a prevalent non-communicable neurological disorder causing recurring seizures, affecting 50 million people globally. Treatments often have limited therapeutic ranges and adverse effects, making it difficult to differentiate from the underlying neurologic condition. Calotropis procera has drawn attention for its potential medicinal uses, including anticancer, anti-convulsant, and other therapeutic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, toxicity, and anti-epilepsy profile of Calotropis procera. Plant materials were pulverized and extracted sequentially with hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water to yield a series of solvent fractions while another portion was extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus, and extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. C. procera extracts show potent antioxidant activity, with root extract (IC50: 0.56 mg/ml) surpassing leaf extract (IC50: 0.38 mg/ml), suggesting therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. Following OECD guidelines, a dosing regimen was established for acute toxicity testing. Calotropis procera extracts were well-tolerated in mice. Notably, a 600 mg/kg dose of ethyl acetate extract delayed seizure onset, indicating promising antiepileptic potential. The antiepileptic effect was assessed using the Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizure model, a standard test for evaluating anticonvulsant activity. The ethyl acetate root extract had a sedative effect, while, n-hexane, methanol, and aqueous extracts of both leaf and root produced no observable toxic signs. The plant extracts were well tolerated orally in laboratory mice. Calotropis procera ethyl acetate extract showed promising antiepileptic potential, as a 600 mg/kg dose delayed seizure onset in mice and was well-tolerated when administered orally. The result showed a promising antiepileptic potential of the Calotropis procera extract.
Copyright (c) 2024 Olabode Sherifat Abidem, Adeniran Oluremi Ishola, Ahmadu Peter Uchogu, Fidelis Solomon Ameh, Fatokun Ayodeji Olakunle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Studies on nutritional and medicinal properties of chamomile flower, pumpkin fruit and maca root
Medicines derived from medicinal plants are effective and safe, providing significant nutritional and therapeutic benefits. The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional and medicinal values of chamomile flower, pumpkin fruit, and mace root. Standard methods were used to analyze the proximate and mineral compositions. By using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, antioxidant activity was evaluated. The exotic plants showed significant variations in moisture contents: chamomile (14.89%), pumpkin (89.22%), and maca (7.70%). Ash content: chamomile (8.26%), pumpkin (0.79%), and maca (4.39%). Crude fiber content: chamomile (13.89%), pumpkin (0.87%), and maca (4.24%) and Lipid content: chamomile; (10.89%), pumpkin (1.55%), maca (17.39%). Protein content:;: chamomile (19.06%) pumpkin (3.06%) and maca (21.39%). Carbohydrate content: chamomile (33.16%), pumpkin (4.46%) and maca (44.84%), The crude methanol extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 66.75 µg/ml (pumpkin), 32.99µg/ml (chamomile), and 84.55µg/ml (maca). Pumpkin, maca and chamomile powders were rich in essential elements like Na, K, Fe, Ca, Mn and Zn. The study revealed the nutritional and medicinal potential of chamomile, pumpkin and maca powders, making them suitable for practical applications. The detected phyto-constituents may be responsible for the plants' ethno-medicinal properties. These findings provide a scientific basis for the use of these plants in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Copyright (c) 2024 Andison Joseph, Fatokun Ayodeji Olakunle, Usman Gimba Naji, Moses.Tara Langkuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
In vivo anti-malarial activities of methanol and aqueous extract of stem bark of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on Plasmodium berghei-berghei
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes, affecting both humans and animals. It is a blood-borne illness caused by the Plasmodium parasite. This research was aimed at probing the in vivo anti-malarial effects of aqueous and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis stem bark. Two hundred (200) grams of the pulverized plant material were sequentially macerated in 900 mL of methanol and water for 24 hours, respectively. In each case, the mixture was filtered using the Whatman filter paper. The filtrate was then evaporated to dryness in a water bath to obtain the crude extract. Twenty-seven (27) albino mice of the same sex, weighing 18-25 g, were selectively grouped into five groups of three mice each. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were infected but treated with the aqueous and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis stem bark at doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight for five days. Group 4 animals were infected and treated with 25 mg/kg per body weight of chloroquine, while group 5 was left untreated and served as a negative control group. It was detected that the animals administered with both extracts showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in parasitemia when compared with the negative control group. However, the group treated with chloroquine at 25 mg/kg body weight showed a significantly lower parasitemia (p<0.05) when compared with the groups treated with both methanol and aqueous extract. The dose-by-dose comparison of the anti-malarial effect of the two extracts at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight indicates that the methanol extract exhibited higher anti-malarial activity when compared with the aqueous extract at the same dose. The results of this study indicate that the methanol and aqueous extracts of the stem bark of Eucalyptus camaldulensis exhibit anti-malarial activity, supporting its traditional medicinal use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alhassan Muhammad, Dickson Musa Achimugun, Ndatsu Yakubu, Ibrahim Mohammed Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of the physico-chemical properties of Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass) seeds and oil
The focus of agricultural research has been on staple crops, with little on underutilized species. One such is Guizotia abyssinica (Niger), a vibrant herbaceous plant with striking yellow flowers from the Asteraceae family. This study analysed the nutraceutical properties of G. abyssinica seeds and oil, via standard analytical methods. Comprehensive analysis revealed a balanced nutritional profile with significant protein (6.7%) and lipid (26%) content. Essential minerals (K: 3.071 mg/g, Fe: 0.110 mg/g, Ca: 11.890 mg/g, and Mg: 1.371 mg/g) were identified, highlighting their nutritional value. Linoleic acid dominated the oil’s fatty acid profile (74.608%), followed by traumatic acid (5.019%) and palmitic acid (3.692%). The oil exhibited favourable properties (high iodine value: 200.5 g I2/100g, low acidity: 2.2 mg KOH/g) and strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 6.953 mg/ml). Various bioactive compounds, including saponins, alkaloids, and phenols were identified. Spectrophotometric properties, including a UV-Visible ƛmax of 340 nm and strong FTIR peaks at 1742.59 cm-1 (carbonyl stretching), and at 2360.35 cm-1 and 2852.68 cm-1 (suggesting the existence of alkynes and alkanes), provide reference spectra for quality assessment. These findings emphasize the nutritional significance of G. abyssinica seeds, suggesting application s in food science, nutrition, and allied industry as well as its chemical composition contributing to understanding this underexplored plant.
Copyright (c) 2024 Moses Tara Langkuk, Stella Adedunni Emmanuel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
GC-MS phytochemical profiling, FTIR analyses, and antimicrobial activities of the oily fraction from the ethyl acetate leaf extract of Pterocarpus osun
The Fabaceae family includes Pterocarpus osun as one of its flowering plant species. Nigeria, Ghana, and Cameroon are among the West African nations with tropical climates where this plant is native. It has found applications in traditional medicine, where it is used to treat several medical conditions, such as gastrointestinal issues and inflammation. This research aims to determine which compounds in the plant extract provide its medicinal properties. n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were utilized sequentially to extract the leaves. Using column chromatography, a thick, oily, golden-yellow fraction was obtained from the ethyl acetate crude extract. To ascertain the chemical composition of the isolated viscous oily material, GC-MS and FTIR analyses were conducted. Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were used as test organisms in an antibacterial test. Numerous chemical components with biological and pharmacological properties, including anti-allergic, antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, were identified from the isolate's GC-MS studies. The recorded FTIR spectrum reveals the C-H bond present in alkanes (at 2921–2847 cm-1 and 1454–1379 cm-1), the C-O bond of carboxylic acids (1165–1032 cm-1), and the C=O bond in 1728–1709 cm-1. The observed zones of inhibition, especially at the maximum dose (10 mg/mL), demonstrated that the oily isolate was effective against the pathogenic organisms utilized, confirming its therapeutic efficacy in traditional medicine. Thus, the oily isolate from the P. osun leaf's ethyl acetate extract can be studied for the development of novel pharmaceuticals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adewale Fadeyi, Saheed Akiode , Olakunle Fatokun, Monday Fenu, Oluremi Adeniran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity, nutritional values and secondary metabolites of Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) Tuber
The dioecious climber plant Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth.), sometimes referred to as wild yam, has huge underground hairy and fleshy tubers that can reach a diameter of 300 mm. The phytochemical, free radical scavenging activity, proximate composition, and elemental analysis of the wild yam tubers were evaluated. Tannin, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and steroids were present in the tuber extract while proximate analysis of the tuber showed that it contains carbohydrate 57.24%, protein 7.74%, lipid 9.72%, crude fibre 3.12%, ash 3.07% and moisture 19.11%. The free radical scavenging activity results of the tuber showed moderate antioxidant property even at 1.0 mg/mL (44.82%) when compared with the standard, Vitamin C at 1.0 mg/mL (81.92). The tuber of D. dregeana also had high magnesium content which is essential in human and animal health. Findings from the phytochemical, proximate, and mineral analyses of the tubers of D. dregeana showed that it has good nutritional and medicinal values which can be exploited for use as human and animal feeds as well as in the treatment or management of some diseases.
Copyright (c) 2024 Olutayo Olawumi Olajide, Micheal Olalekan Afolayan, Adewale Elijah Fadeyi, Olakunle Ayodeji Fatokun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biological and chemical characterization of Acalypha wilkesiana leaf extracts
According to African folklore, Acalypha wikesiana is known to possess medicinal properties. A study was conducted to evaluate the presence of chemical compounds and biological properties in the non-polar and crude extracts of Acalypha wikesiana. To obtain the crude extract, the air-dried pulverized leaf of the plant was extracted with 95% ethanol and hexane. Some microbial strains associated with dermophytic diseases, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Epidermatophyton Sp, Trichophyton rubrum and Candida tropicalis were inhibited by the crude ethanol extract. No activities were observed against Methylene-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Aspergillus fumigates, and Candida albicans. In the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the crude ethanol extract exhibited acceptable robust antioxidant activity between 0.1 and 0.9 mg/mL concentration. In the following GC-MS analysis, yellow oil was obtained from the crude extract by column chromatography, which revealed the presence of some compounds, mostly terpenoids and fatty acid esters. Medicinal properties of Acalypha wikesiana leaf extracts may be attributed to these compounds.
Copyright (c) 2024 Olajide Ebenezer Falayi, Olakunle Ayodeji Fatokun, Adewale Elijah Fadeyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Inhibition of biofilm production by lactobacillus SPP from dental caries using Azadirachta indica
Biofilm is a matrix formed by microorganisms due to the secretion of exopolymeric substances. Lactobacillus is a gram positive rod shape bacteria, it causes dental caries and has the ability of forming biofilms. Azadiratcha indica (neem plant) is a fast growing plants used in traditional medicines and has antimicrobial activities. This study aimed at the determination of inhibitory activities of Azadirachta indica on biofilm production by Lactobacillus spp. The phytochemical extraction was done using cold maceration method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (Sub-MIC) were evaluated using micro broth dilution method. The biofilm and antibiofilm determination were done using the crystal violet assay. Results from the study showed that neem Leafs and stem contain tannins, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and cardenoloids. Lactobacillus spp is a positive biofilm former (Moderate biofilm) with 0.201 mean optical density (OD) value at 620 nm. Sub-MIC for Leaf ethanolic extract (LAE), Leaf aqueous extract (LEE), Stem ethanolic extract (SAE), and stem aqueous extract (SEE) against Lactobacillus spp was at 0.78 mg/mL, 0.20 mg/mL, 0.78 mg/mL, and 0.39 mg/mL respectively. The LEE, SAE, and SEE inhibited biofilm production from moderate biofilm former at 0.201 to a weak biofilm former at 0.121, 0.140, and 0.093 mean OD value at 620nm respectively. A. indica inhibited biofilm production of Lactobacillus spp this might be due to phytochemical compounds present. Neem plants may be combined with antibiotics to improve effectiveness in treatment of dental caries and plaques.
Copyright (c) 2024 Monday Jezhi Fenu, Raphael Peter Galleh, Saheed Akiode Olatunbosun , Elijah Fadeyi Adewale, Ekakpo Onuk Johnwara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Adsorption kinetics of reactive dyes removal from simulated wastewater using sawdust
Environmental pollution with associated health problems poses great risks. Effluent with colour are among pollutants which can be removed by adsorption unto natural/synthetic adsorbents. This research studied Adsorption kinetics of reactive dyes removal from simulated wastewater by sawdust. The characterization of the sawdust was done using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) as well as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Concentration effect, time and temperature of adsorption were also studied and experimental data subjected to Sorption Kinetics. The FTIR results of unloaded activated and unactivated sawdust showed similar spectra. The XRD results had similar diffraction pattern; however, activated had higher angled diffraction. The SEM of both adsorbents showed rough and vertical groove structure; unactivated had rougher surface, while activated showed more vertical grooves. The concentrations result showed increase in amount of dyes adsorbed as concentration increased for both adsorbents. Increased time increased amount of dyes adsorbed for activated and decreased for unactivated sawdust. The amounts adsorbed were decreased for both as temperature increased. Activation of adsorbent enhanced adsorption of Dylon madona 18 blue and Windsor 15 purple with maximum uptake of 49.85 and 49.7 mg/L respectively, with 49.95 and 49. 94 mg/L for blue and purple respectively. Kinetic models revealed that Pseudo-second order gave better fit for both adsorbents. External diffusion was rate determining step as intraparticle study showed R2values that ranged from 0.617 to 0.703 for blue and purple dyes and 0.797 to 0.004 for blue and purple. The study proved that sawdust was good for reactive dyes removal from wastewater.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ijeoma Joy Agbai, Jude Chibuzo Igwe, Sunday Onyekwere Eze, Nnenna Ejije Okoronkwo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Characterization and antibacterial activity of tannin from selected food and agricultural wastes
Tannins provide several advantages being as good biomaterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, pharmaceutical, biopesticide, and nutraceutical agents. This study aimed to characterize tannin from three (3) agrowastes (Corn cob, cocoa pod, and coco peat) and compare their antimicrobial activity with that of synthetic tannin. The wastes were air-dried and blended. The tannin content was estimated using UV-Visible Spectrophotometric method. FTIR analysis of the samples was also carried out. Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of samples tannin and synthetic tannin on four (4) pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella Typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pnuemonae) was determined. Results obtained revealed the tannin content of samples in the order: coco peat (5.500 mg/g) >cocoa pod (4.740 mg/g) >corn cob (3.212 mg/g). The FTIR analysis showed a broad band at 3285-3216 cm-1 for the three samples representing bonding –OH groups. The samples displayed peaks around 2928-2917cm-1 representing aliphatic chains, -CH2- and –CH3. The peak around 1616-1576 cm-1 corresponds to C-O vibrations. The peak around 1363-1256 cm-1 corresponds to C (O)-O stretching vibrations and –OH in plane vibrations. These peaks correspond to peak values obtained from synthetic tannic acid. The four organisms were susceptible to aqueous extracts of tannin from all samples except Bacillus subtilis which was not susceptible to cocoa pod tannin. Salmonella typhi was not susceptible to synthetic tannin at all concentrations. Results from this study indicate that some agrowastes may be utilised as a source of cheap, readily available tannin and may also serve as a more effective antibacterial agent.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saheed Akiode, Adewale Elijah Fadeyi, Monday Jehiz Fenu, Ekakpo Onuk Johnwara, Uwem Kelly Asemota, Tolulope Florence Akiode https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Isolation and physicochemical characterization of starch from Marama Beans (Tylosema Esculentum)
One of the most popular types of beans grown in South Africa is Marama bean seeds (Tylosema esculentum) which are still widely underused although it is being consumed by the local population. To determine its qualities and assess its appropriateness for application in various sectors, starch was isolated from the plant's seeds and subjected to physicochemical characterization. Starch was isolated from the seeds using the crushing method along with sodium metabisulphite to prevent fermentation. Physicochemical parameters were determined using standard procedures and amylose / amylopectin ratio evaluated using the UV method by comparison with a standard. The starch was physically and chemically characterized, and it was found to have physicochemical values as follows – gelatinization temperature 64 ℃; foam capacity 6%; bulk density 0.769 gcm-3; emulsion capacity 38%; pH 7.77; water holding capacity 21.67%; tapped density 0.857 gcm-3; browning temperature range 235.2 – 256.0 ℃; charring temperature range 271.9 – 287.3 ℃. At 95 ℃, the starch percentage solubility was 3.5%, and the swelling power was 11.059. Tylosema esculentum starch was found to be made up of 73.523 % amylopectin and 26.477 % amylose. Given that its qualities favorably compare with those of starch used in industries especially the pharmaceutical sector, the varied physicochemical parameters results of starch isolated from Tylosema esculentum demonstrated potentials as a promising starch source for use in industries like the pharmaceutical, food, paper and textile as a biomaterial.
Copyright (c) 2024 Michael Afolayan, Joyce Orijajogun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phytochemical, antioxidant, phenolic, and mineral composition of Mangifera indica L. (mango) and Persea Americana Mill. (avocado) seed and exocarp (peel)
Fruits are known for their nutrients and therapeutic potentials. This study aimed at determining the phytochemical constituents, antioxidative prowess, mineral constituents, and total phenolic composition of Mangifera indica (mango) and Persea americana (avocado) fruits’ seeds and their exocarps (peel) respectively. The phytochemical screenings were carried out using standard techniques, and saponins, terpenes, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and anthraquinones were detected. Both the seeds and peels’ samples of M. indica and P. americana have high percentage of antioxidant activities as recorded with DPPH method at varying concentrations. The mineral analysis of both fruits’ samples has potassium in highest amount (127 - 163mg/L), followed by calcium (11 – 26 mg/L), magnesium (6 – 13mg/L), sodium (1.99 – 7.14 mg/L), then iron (2.7 – 4.14 mg/L) in that order. Both lead, chromium and copper were undetected in the samples. The total phenolic contents of the samples were measured using the Follin-Ciocalteus reagent at varied concentrations and their values reported in mg/g of GAE. Both are a good source of fibre, vitamin C and E, minerals and antioxidants with only a few calories.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adewale Elijah Fadeyi, Olutayo Olawumi Olajide, Oluchukwu Victoria Ndukaire https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of the total phenolic, total flavonoid, and radical scavenging properties of the stem bark and leaves of Pterocarpus osun
Introduction: Medicinal plants have the capacity to scavenge free radicals due to their potential to stabilize harmful molecules, which contributes to oxidative stress that results in non-communicable diseases like cancer, diabetes. Methodology: Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and the aluminium chloride method respectively, were used to evaluate the total contents of phenolic and flavonoid of the Pterocarpus osun leaf and stem bark extracts. Purpose of study: The goal of the current investigation was to evaluate the total content of flavonoid, and total content of phenol present in methanol extracts of the leaf and stem bark of P. osun. Using the DPPH assay to measure the extracts' capacity to scavenge free radicals, inhibition concentrations of 0.0625, 0.125, 0.250, 0.500, and 1.00 mg/mL were noted. Results: The IC50s for the stem bark and the leaf extracts are 3.44, and 48.14 mg/mL, respectively. The amount of flavonoid in the stem bark was 2.32, and 1.50 mg quercetin/g extract for the leaf. The total phenolic content was 8.61 and, 6.61 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract for the stem bark and for the leaf, respectively. Conclusion: The results show that there is a correlation between radical scavenging properties and poly phenolics.
Copyright (c) 2023 Adewale Elijah Fadeyi, Oluremi Isola Adeniran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of cleome species (Cleomaceae): A review
This study is reviewing the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of cleome species. Ethanomedically, cleome species have used to treat a variety of diseases such as fever, flu, headaches, coughs, snakebites, nephritis, inflammation, bronchitis, diarrhoea, skin conditions, liver disorders and malarial fever symptoms. This study reviewed the previous phytochemical analysis of this plant species, its bioactive flavonoids and terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, anthraquinones and saponins which showed to be found in the various extracts of the plant. These bioactive compounds and extracts all showed antioxidant, anti-malarial, anti-cancer, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective effect. The enormous range of medicinal applications described thus far cannot be exaggerated, despite the fact that just a few species in this genus have been studied. Given their pharmacological properties, this plant species shows potential for further analytical studies and subsequent clinical trials to advance the plants' therapeutic potential.
Anticancer, Antimalarial, Antioxidants, Cleome gynandra, Medicinal, Pharmacological, Phytochemistry, Plants
Copyright (c) 2023 Nkiruka Theresa Nnadozie, Oluremi Adeniran, Samuel Okhale https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phytochemicals and acetylcholinesterase activity of stem bark daniella oliveri ethyl acetate extract
Before the coming of modern drugs circulating now all over the world, traditional plants were in existence. The parts of the plants mostly used are root, stem bark, stem, flower, fruits and seed are ingredients of orthodox medicines. The components of phytochemical signify the healing value of plants. Phytochemical performs physiological activities on the human system; some of the significant phytochemical are flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic and tannins compounds. In this research, the GC-MS of Daniella Oliveri ethyl acetate stem bark extract revealed 49 bioactive components, δ-cadinene and ϒ-Muurolene, having the highest percentage among other antioxidant compounds. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) donepezil used to examine the inhibition activity shows a linear progression with the D. Oliveri extracts. Even though there is extensive information on the ethnopharmacological uses of D. Oliveri, there is a shortage of scientific reports on the anti-fungal properties of the plant, therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the biochemical compositions of the plant in order to ascertain its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of skin ailments and others diseases.
Copyright (c) 2022 Maurice Jemkur, Amos Mamman, Ayandokun Toyin Florence https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
An investigative screening of heavy metal contamination of Amaranthus spp grown along Ibi river-bank,Taraba State, Nigeria
Agricultural activities around river bank are popular practice in most riverine areas in Nigeria. Vegetables are the commonest agricultural commodity that are grown around the river bank and are averagely the most consumed food product in Nigeria. An investigative screening of metallic contamination of Amaranthus spp grown in three farms around river Ibi bank showed a level of metallic deposition: Cadmium (Cd), (2.25±0.63, 3.28±0.55, 2.51±0.03) ppm; Lead (Pb), (1.83±0.51, 0.54±0.03, 1.06±0.13) ppm; Mercury (Hg), (0.53±0.01, 1.03±0.01, 0.66±0.01) ppm; Arsenic (As), (0.50±0.72, 0.51±0.06, 0.62±0.15) ppm and Chromium (Cr), (4.26±0.51, 2.66±0.22, 1.75±0.38) ppm. Descending order of the mean concentrations of the trace metals detected from analyzed sample of Amaranthus spp from the three locations are as follows; Farm A: Cr>Cd>As>Pb>Hg, Farm B: Cd>Cr>Hg>Pb>As, Farm C: Cd>Cr>Pb>Hg>As. Amaranthus spp cultivated along Ibi river bank has shown a reasonable amount of deposition of heavy metals, therefore, are not totally safe. The metallic content in Amaranthus spp sample collected in farms along Ibi river bank ranges; 0.50±0.72 to 4.26±0.51 in sample A, 0.51±0.06 to 3.28±0.55 in sample B and 0.62±0.15 to 2.51±0.03 in sample C. The metallic deposition detected from analyzed Amaranthus spp showed values that are above the World Health Organization set permissible limit (Pb-0.3ppm; Cd-0.2 ppm; As-0.5ppm; Hg-0.5ppm; Cr-0.5ppm). Bioaccumulation of these metallic substances in the human system as a result of long-term consumption of the vegetables poses a deleterious health effect. This study aimed at ascertaining the food safety of agricultural products cultivated around Ibi river bank.
Copyright (c) 2022 David Christopher Bando, Emmanuel Ozioma Prince, Oche Gabriel Sunday, David Haruna Ephraim, Poly Shingu Jesse, Imbasire Nuhu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Factors influencing local production of rice (Oryza sativa) in Abakiliki L. G. A. of Ebonyi State, Nigeria
This study in Abakiliki L.G.A of Ebonyi State examined factors influencing the output of local rice. A research survey design was used for the study and fifty (50) local rice farmers were randomly selected from 17 different communities in Abakaliki LGA. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were employed in the data analysis. Results showed that most of the rice farmers sampled were of their active age with an average of 35 years. The respondents possessed one educational qualification or the other. The Size of the farm, labour input, capital inputs, and cost of seeds exerted significant influence in explaining the variations in the quantity of local rice produced. The R2 (0.766), showed that 76.6% of the variations in the output of local rice were captured by the explanatory variables. It is recommended that local rice farmers increase their small farm sizes either through the acquisition of more lands directly or through government efforts at a fee. Furthermore, since labour input significantly influenced the output of Local rice it is recommended that skilled labour be attracted into local rice production through increased remuneration of labour in rice production. Capital inputs should be increased in the study area probably through credit liberalization or skewing of credit supply in favour of local rice production to enable the farmers to hire skilled labour needed to boost rice output.
Copyright (c) 2022 Sixtus Onwukwe Anyanwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0